Analysis of Sub-Regional Drinking Water Services in Africa, 2000-2020



Abstract Views
293

Downloads
198

Citations

Share

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##

Submitted Oct 6, 2022
Published Dec 10, 2022
10.24018/ejgeo.2022.3.6.346

Abstract viewed = 293 times

Table of Contents

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##

Safe drinking water is a basic necessity of life. However, meeting this need has been a major challenge in most countries in Africa. This study analyzed the sub-regional drinking water services in Africa from 2000-2020. The study sourced data from the Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) reports for 2017 and 2021. The 2000 and 2020 estimated national basic drinking water coverage, disaggregated for rural and urban (RU) areas of African countries were extracted and analyzed. The findings revealed that basic water services in Africa were poorly provided in the sub-regions, particularly in the rural area, where the population not served was high. The results of the t-test (t4 = -8.078, p = 0.001, α = 0.05) and (t4 = -4.375, p = 0.012, α = 0.05) revealed that significant differences exist in basic water services between RU areas in 2000 and 2020, respectively. Similarly, the t-test (t4 = -6.668, p = 0.003, α = 0.05) also shows that significant progress exists in basic water services from 2000-2020 in the sub-regions. However, the national annual rate of service provision lag behind expected progress for the attainment of the drinking water target, as the projected 2030 coverage in the sub-regions fell short of the expected 100% coverage. Therefore, to achieve target 6.1 in the sub-regions, basic water services have to improve at least four-fold.

Keywords: Africa, Drinking Water, Rural Area, Sub-Region, Urban Area.

References

  1. Roche R, Bain R, Cumming O. A long way to go - Estimates of combined water, sanitation and hygiene coverage for 25 sub-Saharan African countries. PLoS ONE. 2017; 12(3): e0173702. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0173702.
     Google Scholar
  2. Prüss-Ustün A, Wolf J, Bartram J, Clasen T, Cumming O, Freeman MC, Gordon B, Hunter PR, Medlicott K, Johnston R. Burden of disease from inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene for selected adverse health outcomes: An updated analysis with a focus on low- and middle-income countries. Int. J. Hyg Environ. Health. 2019; 222: 765–777.
     Google Scholar
  3. Meehana K, Jurjevich JR, Chun NMJW, Sherrill J. Geographies of insecure water access and the housing–water nexus in US cities. Sustainability Science, 2020; 117(46): 28700–28707.
     Google Scholar
  4. Ohwo O, Omidiji AO.Pattern of waterborne diseases in Yenagoa, Nigeria.J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage. 2021; 25(6): 985-993.
     Google Scholar
  5. Zerbo A, Delgado RC, González, PA. Water sanitation and hygiene in Sub-Saharan Africa: Coverage, risks of diarrheal diseases, and urbanization. Int. J. Biosaf. Biosecurity. 2021; 3: 41–45.
     Google Scholar
  6. WHO, UNICEF. Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines. Geneva. 2017. Retrieved from:https://data.unicef.org/resources/progress-drinking-water-sanitation-hygiene-2017-update-sdg-baselines/.
     Google Scholar
  7. WHO, UNICEF. Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000-2020: Five years into the SDGs. Geneva.2021. Retrieved from:(https://data.unicef.org/resources/progress-on-household-drinking-water-sanitation-and-hygiene-2000-2020.
     Google Scholar
  8. WHO, UNICEF. Progress on drinking water and sanitation 2014 Update, Geneva, Switzerland,2014. Retrieved from: http://www.who.int/water_sanitation report/en/.
     Google Scholar
  9. Ohwo O. Dimensions of inequality in urban and rural water, sanitation and hygiene services in sub-Saharan Africa. European Scientific Journal. 2019; 15(8): 144-162.
     Google Scholar
  10. Pullan RL, Freeman MC, Gething PW, Brooker SJ. Geographical inequalities in use of improved drinking water supply and sanitation across sub-Saharan Africa: Mapping and spatial analysis of cross-sectional survey data. PLoS Med. 2014;11(4): e1001626. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001626.
     Google Scholar
  11. Ukoji C, Ndakara OE. Abattoir waste discharge and water quality in Anwai River, Nigeria; Hmlyn J Agr, 2021; 2(4): 8-14. DOI:10.47310/Hja.2021.v02i04.002.
     Google Scholar
  12. Ohwo O, Agusomu TD. Assessment of water, sanitation and hygiene services in sub-Saharan Africa. European Scientific Journal. 2018; 14(35): 308-326.
     Google Scholar
  13. Armah FA, Ekumah B, Yawson DO, Odoi JO, Afitiri A, Nyieku FE. Access to improved water and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa in a quarter century, Heliyon. 2018; 4(11) e00931. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00931.
     Google Scholar
  14. Kanyangarara M, Allen S, JiwaniSS, Fuente, D. Access to water, sanitation and hygiene services in health facilities in sub-Saharan Africa 2013–2018: Results of health facility surveys and implications for COVID-19 transmission. BMC Health Services Research. 2021; 21:601. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-021-06515-z.
     Google Scholar
  15. Eludoyin AO, Olanrewaju OE. Water supply and quality in the sub-Saharan Africa. In: Leal Filho, W., Azul, A.M., Brandli, L., Lange Salvia, A., Wall, T. (eds). Clean water and sanitation. Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Springer, Cham. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70061-8_166-1.
     Google Scholar
  16. Ohwo O, Ndakara OE. Progress on Sustainable Development Goal for sanitation and hygiene in sub-Saharan Africa. J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage. 2022; 26(6): 1143-1150.
     Google Scholar
  17. Ndakara OE. Throughfall, stemflow and litterfall nutrient flux in isolated stands of persea gratissima in a moist tropical rainforest region, southern Nigeria. Journal of Physical and Environmental Science research. 2012; 1(1): 5-14.
     Google Scholar
  18. Ndakara OE. Hydrological nutrient flux in isolated exotic stands of mangifera indica linn: implications for sustainable rainforest ecosystem management in south-southern Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Science and Environment. 2016; 14(1): 125-131.
     Google Scholar
  19. WHO Regional Office for Africa (2021). Water factsheet. [Internet] 2021. [cited 2022 August 13] Available from: https://www.afro.who.int/health-topics/water.
     Google Scholar
  20. UNICEF, WHO. Progress on sanitation and drinking-water - 2013 update. Geneva: World Health Organization and UNICEF. 2013.
     Google Scholar
  21. Adams EA, Smiley SL. Urban-rural water access inequalities in Malawi: implications for monitoring the sustainable development goals. Natural Resources Forum,2018; 42(4): 217-226.
     Google Scholar
  22. Olowe BM, Oluyege JO, Famurewa O.Prevalence of waterborne diseases and microbial assessment of drinking water quality in Ado-Ekiti and its environs, Southwestern Nigeria. Br. Microbiol. Res. J. 2016; 12(2), 1–13.
     Google Scholar
  23. Wolf J, Bonjour S, Pruss-Ustun A. An exploration of multilevel modeling for estimating access to drinking-water and sanitation. J Water Health. 2013; 11: 64–77.
     Google Scholar
  24. WHO, UNICEF Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000–2017: Special focus on inequalities. New York, 2019.
     Google Scholar